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The quartz blanks not only differ in thickness, but also in temperature coefficient and vibration behavior. If, for example, the surrounding temperature changes slightly, the stability of the frequency generated by the quartz can be negatively affected. The more the temperature changes, the stronger is the deviation from the desired frequency.

石英坯件不仅厚度不同而且在温度系数和振动特性方面也是如此。例如，如果周围温度轻微变化，石英产生的频率的稳定性会受到负面影响。温度变化越大，与期望频率的偏差越大。

石英的枕头形状

All quartz crystals produced with the AT cut are thickness shear oscillators – a great advantage for further processing. Quartz crystals are passive components, without external voltage they are completely useless. Fine electrodes must be attached to the quartz to energize it and make it oscillate.

The attachment of these electrodes, however, proves to be a great challenge, depending on the type of oscillation. Ideally, the electrodes should be attached to a point on the quartz where it deforms only minimally, even under voltage. This is much easier with a thickness shear oscillator than with the bending or longitudinal oscillators mentioned at the beginning.

Nevertheless, a further processing step of the quartz is also necessary. In a special lapping machine, the blanks are ground until they assume the shape of a cushion – slightly thicker in the middle and tapering outwards. The quartz holder is attached to the tapered ends. Secured in this way, thin metal electrodes are finally evaporated onto the thicker middle section of the blank.

The AT cut thus fulfils a double function in quartz production. First, it ensures high frequency stability in the temperature range from -40 to 85 degrees Celsius and second, it defines the shape of the blank as a thickness shear oscillator.

用AT切割生产的所有石英SMD晶体都是厚度剪切振荡器，这对于进一步加工是一个很大的优势。石英晶体是无源元件，没有外部电压，它们完全没有用。精细的电极必须附着在石英上，以激励石英并使其振荡。6G常用SMD晶体是台湾TAITIEN主流的产品线XZBPELAANF-30.000000

然而，这些电极的附着被证明是一个巨大的挑战，这取决于振荡的类型。理想情况下，电极应该附着在石英上的一个点上，在这个点上，即使在有电压的情况下，石英的变形也是最小的。使用厚度剪切振子比使用开头提到的弯曲或纵向振子要容易得多。

然而，石英的进一步加工步骤也是必要的。在一台特殊的研磨机中，坯料被研磨成垫子的形状——中间稍厚，向外逐渐变细。石英支架连接到锥形端。以这种方式固定，薄金属电极最终被蒸发到坯件的较厚的中间部分上。

因此，AT切割在石英生产中具有双重功能。首先，它确保在-40到85摄氏度的温度范围内的高频率稳定性，其次，它将坯料的形状定义为厚度剪切振荡器。

Quartz crystals also differ in the way they vibrate. The “longitudinal oscillator” stretches along its longitudinal axis; like a rubber band being stretched. “Bending U-tube” quartz crystals, on the other hand, oscillate mainly in the middle of the blank. They behave like a bowstring that is alternately tensioned and relieved. However, the most common type of oscillation is the “thickness shear oscillator”. As shown in the figure, the upper and lower sides of the blank move in opposite directions, while the quartz disc simultaneously changes its thickness.

AT Cut Defines Vibration Type and Temperature Coefficient

Both characteristics, the temperature coefficient and the oscillation type of the quartz, can be specifically influenced in the production process. The decisive factor is the cutting angle at which the quartz disc is removed from the crystal. Quartz crystals are cut to size based on mathematical calculations, and any change can cause serious repercussions to the quality of the part.

One of the most common angular cuts is the AT cut, which is used in the production of all Jauch crystals. This cut is made at 35 degrees from the Z-axis of the quartz crystal and is one of the most commonly selected cutting angles. Quartz blanks produced in this way have a good temperature coefficient. In the temperature range between -40 and 85 degrees Celsius, precise frequencies can be generated with a deviation of only +/- 15 ppm (ppm = parts per million) thanks to the AT cut. Used in an oscillator with additional temperature compensation (TCXO), these AT-blanks guarantee an even higher frequency stability of up to +/- 0,5 ppm.

石英晶体的振动方式也不同。“纵向振荡器”沿其纵轴伸展；就像橡皮筋被拉伸一样。另一方面,“弯曲U形管”石英晶体主要在空白的中间振荡。它们就像一根交替拉紧和放松的弓弦。然而，最常见的振荡类型是“厚度剪切振荡器”。如图所示，坯料的上下两侧向相反的方向移动，而石英盘同时改变其厚度。

厚度剪切振荡器

AT Cut定义振动类型和温度系数

Both characteristics, the temperature coefficient and the oscillation type of the quartz, can be specifically influenced in the production process. The decisive factor is the cutting angle at which the quartz disc is removed from the crystal. Quartz crystals are cut to size based on mathematical calculations, and any change can cause serious repercussions to the quality of the part.

One of the most common angular cuts is the AT cut, which is used in the production of all crystals. This cut is made at 35 degrees from the Z-axis of the quartz crystal and is one of the most commonly selected cutting angles. Quartz blanks produced in this way have a good temperature coefficient. In the temperature range between -40 and 85 degrees Celsius, precise frequencies can be generated with a deviation of only +/- 15 ppm (ppm = parts per million) thanks to the AT cut. Used in an oscillator with additional temperature compensation (TCXO), these AT-blanks guarantee an even higher frequency stability of up to +/- 0,5ppm.

石英的温度系数和振荡类型这两个特性在生产过程中会受到特别的影响。决定性因素是石英盘从晶体中取出的切割角度。贴片石英晶体是根据数学计算切割的，任何变化都会对零件的质量造成严重影响。

最常见的角切之一是AT切，用于所有水晶的生产。这种切割与石英晶体的Z轴成35度角，是最常选择的切割角度之一。以这种方式生产的石英坯料具有良好的温度系数。在-40至85摄氏度的温度范围内，由于AT cut，可以产生偏差仅为+/- 15 ppm (ppm =百万分之一)的精确频率。用于具有附加温度补偿的振荡器(TCXO)，这些AT-blanks保证了高达+/-0.5 ppm的更高频率稳定性。